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A recipe that says “1 cup of flour” means something different depending on whether it came from a US blog, a UK cookbook, or your grandmother’s handwritten notes in tola and pao. Weight-based recipes are more reliable than volume-based ones, but only if you know the right conversion. Here is the version that actually holds up in a real kitchen.
Why Cup Measurements Go Wrong
A cup is a volume, not a weight, and different ingredients pack into that volume very differently. A cup of flour is lighter than a cup of sugar, which is lighter again than a cup of butter, because density and how tightly the ingredient settles both change the result. That is why serious recipes, and this converter, work in grams wherever possible rather than cups.
Common Ingredients: Cup to Gram
- 1 cup all-purpose flour ≈ 120 g
- 1 cup granulated sugar ≈ 198 g
- 1 cup butter ≈ 227 g (approximately)
- 1 cup uncooked rice ≈ 185 g
Desi Units: Tola, Pao, Seer & Maund
The tool uses traditional tola-based weights. Modern market measures may differ: a metric pao of 250 g and seer of 1 kg are different definitions, not exact conversions of the traditional units. Confirm the convention before converting a family recipe.
- 1 tola ≈ 11.664 g
- 1 traditional pao ≈ 233.28 g (20 tolas). A modern metric pao may mean 250 g; check the recipe.
- 1 seer ≈ 933 g (about 1 kg, commonly rounded)
- 1 maund ≈ 37.3 kg
Oven Temperatures: C, F & Gas Mark
Pakistani ovens are usually marked in Celsius, but plenty of older recipe books (and imported recipes) use Fahrenheit or UK gas marks. Here’s how the common baking temperatures line up:
- 160°C = 320°F exactly; Gas Mark 3 is approximately 325°F / 163°C.
- 180°C = 356°F exactly; Gas Mark 4 is approximately 350°F / 177°C.
- 200°C = 392°F exactly; Gas Mark 6 is approximately 400°F / 204°C.
- 220°C = 428°F exactly; Gas Mark 7 is approximately 425°F / 218°C.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is a Pakistani cup the same as a US cup?
The converter uses a US customary cup of approximately 236.59 ml. Some recipes use a 240 ml rounded cup or a 250 ml metric cup. Check which measure the recipe specifies. The volume converter does not convert cups to grams; ingredient density is required for that.
Why do pao and seer have two different rounded values?
The traditional values (233.28 g for pao, 933 g for seer) come from the old tola-based weight system. In everyday shopping and cooking, people commonly round these to 250 g and 1 kg. Use the precise figure if a recipe depends on exact ratios, and the rounded one for everyday cooking.
Does ingredient temperature or humidity affect these conversions?
Yes, slightly. Flour that’s been sifted weighs less per cup than flour scooped straight from the bag, and humidity can change how much moisture sugar or flour holds. The gram values here are solid general-purpose estimates, not laboratory-precise figures.
What’s the most accurate way to measure ingredients?
A kitchen scale, whenever you have one. Weighing removes the guesswork of how tightly an ingredient is packed into a cup or spoon. When you only have measuring cups, spoon the ingredient in loosely and level it off rather than scooping and packing it down.
Ready to convert your own recipe? Try the free Cooking Unit Converter and convert volume within volume units, weight within weight units, and Celsius/Fahrenheit temperatures. Cups-to-grams and gas-mark conversion are not provided by this tool.
Ingredient examples are approximate. For a named reference, see King Arthur Baking’s ingredient weight chart. Cup-volume references: NIST household weights and measures. Reviewed 8 October 2026.